The Electoral Victory of Political Islam in Egypt

The electoral victory of political Islam in Egypt

By: Samir Amin, on 2012-06-28, Published by PAMBAZUKA NEWS Issue #591

The electoral victory of the Muslim Brotherhood and of the Salafists in Egypt (January 2012) is hardly surprising. The decline brought about by the current globalization of capitalism has produced an extraordinary increase in the so-called “informal” activities that provide the livelihoods of more than half of the Egyptian population (statistics give a figure of 60%).

And the Muslim Brotherhood is very well placed to take advantage of this decline and perpetuate its reproduction. Their simplistic ideology confers legitimacy on a miserable market/bazaar economy that is completely antithetical to the requirements of any development worthy of the name. The fabulous financial means provided to the Muslim Brotherhood (by the Gulf states) allows them to translate this ideology into efficient action: financial aid to the informal economy, charitable services (medical dispensaries etc.).

In this way the Brotherhood establishes itself at the heart of society and induces its dependency. It has never been the intention of the Gulf countries to support the development of Arab countries, for example through industrial investment. They support a form of “lumpen development” – to use the term originally coined by André Gunder Frank – that imprisons the societies concerned in a spiral of pauperization and exclusion, which in turn reinforces the stranglehold of reactionary political Islam on society.

This would not have succeeded so easily if it had not been in perfect accord with the objectives of the Gulf states, Washington and Israel. The three close allies share the same concern: to foil the recovery of Egypt. A strong, upright Egypt would mean the end of the triple hegemony of the Gulf (submission to the discourse of Islamization of society), the United States (a vassalized and pauperized Egypt remains under its direct influence), and Israel (a powerless Egypt does not intervene in Palestine).

The rallying of regimes to neo-liberalism and to submission to Washington was sudden and total in Egypt under Sadat, and more gradual and moderate in Algeria and Syria. The Muslim Brotherhood – which is part of the power system – should not be considered merely as an “Islamic party”, but first and foremost as an ultra reactionary party that is, moreover, Islamist. Reactionary not only concerning what are known as “social issues” (the veil, sharia, anti-Coptic discrimination), but also, and to the same degree, reactionary in the fundamental areas of economic and social life: the Brotherhood is against strikes, workers’ demands, independent workers’ unions, the movement of resistance against the expropriation of farmers, etc.

The planned failure of the “Egyptian revolution” would thus guarantee the continuation of the system that has been in place since Sadat, founded on the alliance of the army high command and political Islam. Admittedly, on the strength of its electoral victory the Brotherhood is now able to demand more power than it has thus far been granted by the military. However, revising the distribution of the benefits of this alliance in favour of the Brotherhood may prove difficult.

The first round of the presidential election on 24 May was organised in such a way as to achieve the objective pursued by the system in power and by Washington: to reinforce the alliance of the two pillars of the system – the army high command and the Muslim Brotherhood – and settle their disagreement (which of the two will be in the forefront). The two candidates “acceptable” in this sense were the only ones to receive adequate means to run their campaigns. Morsi (MB: 24%) and Chafiq (Army: 23%). The movement’s real candidate – H.Sabbahi – who did not receive the means normally granted to candidates, allegedly only got 21% of the vote (the figure is questionable).

At the end of protracted negotiations it was agreed that Morsi was the “winner” of the second round. The assembly, like the president, was elected thanks to a massive distribution of parcels (of meat, oil and sugar) to those who voted for the Islamists. And yet, the “foreign observers” failed to observe a situation that is openly ridiculed in Egypt. The assembly’s dissolution was delayed by the army, which wanted to give the Brotherhood time to bring discredit upon itself by refusing to address social issues (employment, salaries, schools and health!).

The system in place, “presided” over by Morsi, is the best guarantee that lumpen-development and the destruction of the institutions of the state, which are the objectives pursued by Washington, will continue. We will see how the revolutionary movement, which is still firmly committed to the fight for democracy, social progress and national independence, will carry on after this electoral charade.

* BROUGHT TO YOU BY PAMBAZUKA NEWS

Source: http://pambazuka.org/en/category/features/83202

* This article was translated from French for Pambazuka News by Julia Monod.

* Please send comments to editor[at]pambazuka[dot]org or comment online at Pambazuka News.

We Are Not Alone in This Endless Universe!

We are not alone in this endless Universe

• We are not alone in this endless Universe!
• Do those creatures have any Sundays; Saturdays; Fridays or any Sabbath?
• Can they observe any of our religious practices and laws?
• Are their cultures; genders; morality; ethics; and religious laws similar or comparable to ours?
• If we cannot answer these questions honestly then why most earthly humans believe that their religion is universal, or even global?

Wicked So-called Skilled Workers Endemic

…

Wicked Skilled Workers Endemic

Beside massive scale western plunder and state official  corruption, the causes of poverty and sickening economy are the low qualities of manual and “skilled” workers in many underdeveloped countries.  They got no tools; have flimsy experience; illiterate; cheats; liars; careless; vulgar; tricky; destructive; stupid; and fake.

People better avoid owning a lot of stuff or properties that will make them in need for those trouble makers.

I hate the day when one of these access my property and pretend to do repairs and improvements. I better get rid of that thing or not to have at all.

I hate to have a house; business; car; or appliances here! If I cannot do it myself then to hell with it.
They cause headache and stress; and of course take your money without any good reason.

A Chat Between Christian and Muslim in Lebanon

…

Indoctrination of Children

Joey Ayoub wrote in his blog Hummus For Thought! an interesting article titled Endoctrination of Children resenting all kinds of religious schooling and influencing helpless children. He said:

[I was sitting last night with a friend of mine and we got to talk about the whole Christians vs Muslims situation in Lebanon. We were both well placed as I was raised in a Christian environment and him in a Muslim one.

Being both proud members of the Flying Spaghetti Church that preaches keep-your-religion-to-yourself-ism, peace and lots of noodles, we usually end up talking about George Carlin when Jesus and Mohammed were the start of the actual conversation. Yesterday night was different though in that we were actually talking seriously about the issue.

Growing up, I never had the chance to meet many Muslims despite living in the smallest country of continental Asia. The ideas and images that were propagated by my old and very Christian school, Saint Coeur Ain Najm, was not that Muslims did not exist or that Islam was an evil religion – that would be too straightforward – but rather that non-Christian points of views or beliefs were not really worthy of acknowledgment, that somehow we were the lucky ones to have been brought up in the true religion.

I am now 20 years old but I still remember vividly the “Catechese” – sort of Sunday School during the week – sessions that occurred between Chemistry and Biology for an hour or two. We were given some passage from the bible and were basically asked to find a meaning to it. This had nothing to do with whether a meaning was actually present but rather with how any story could eventually fit the narrow interpretation that our teacher had reserved for it. He couldn’t be blamed as he was nothing more than a spokesperson for a much larger and powerful institution. He didn’t really seem to have any opinion of his own anyway. That a soon-to-be atheist was sitting right in front of him couldn’t have entered his worse nightmares.

My friend went to a secular school so he didn’t experience the brainwashing I did and could easily see the flaw in the system long before I could. It didn’t really surprise us that religion played such an important role in Lebanon when it is introduced so early in a person’s life. How long can we pretend that religious-based education does not contribute to the dividing of this already shattered country? What differentiates the indoctrination of helpless children that depend on adults for guidance in an unknown world from the government censorship of opposite views that appalls any man and woman living outside the box? How is telling a child that he or she will suffer the eternal torture of hell by a cruel deity any different from child abuse?

We would probably find it odd if a 4 year old child claims to be part of the Keynesian school of macroeconomics simply because we are pretty sure that economics is too complicated for a 4-year old. Why aren’t we then appalled by a 4 year old wearing a cross? Is the subject of economics more complicated than the questions of life and death? of existence?

Do not get me wrong, I do not really care the religion to which one adheres to but we should draw the line between freedom of thought and belief and imposing one interpretation of the world on helpless and defenseless children. Indoctrination is child abuse and must be regarded as such. Any country that does not put the child’s inalienable rights to education – not brainwashing – as well as, of course, health and safety is bound to end up in the same situation we are in. A child has nothing to do with the bullshit we adults enjoy throwing at each other and must not be a victim of our flaws and weaknesses.

Needless to say, secular schools would not magically solve the problems of Lebanon but they would allow children to identify themselves with different points of views instead of having no choice at all. In a world where corruption is part of the atmosphere a child breathes, one cannot be surprised that corruption is what that child will exhale.

I cannot help myself by quoting Friedrich Nietzsche here to end my first blog post:
“The surest way to corrupt a youth is to instruct him to hold in higher esteem those who think alike than those who think differently.”]

Are Arabs and Hebrews Antisemitists?

…

Are Arabs and Hebrews Antisemitists?

There are simple questions but difficult to answer.

If the Arabs and the Hebrews are Semites, and sure they are, would it be right to call their unending deep animosity, hostilities and killings to each other as “Antisemitism”?

And if it is so how come?

But if not why others are labeled “Antisemitists”?

What is really “Antisemitism”? and why it is exclusive to suspicion of, hatred toward, or discrimination against Jews and does not include Arabs who are Semites too?

Why the World and the media have to bother too much about such distracting conflict?

Don’t we have more serious issues?

Gulf Arab Regimes Must Be Democratized Now

…

Heads of States of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC)

The world know very well that fair, free and transparent governance is essential demand and right for all nations without exceptions. The USA, France and Britain are increasingly imposing non-peaceful and military changes to Arab states and to North and West Africa. Gulf Arab states, like Qatar, Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates, are instrumental in the western new invasive policy of bringing freedom, justice and democracy to other Arab states like Syria, Egypt and Yemen.

The Age of Deception: Nuclear Diplomacy in Treacherous Times

…

The Age of Deception by Mohamed ElBaradei

The author of this book is the Nobel Prize laureate, Egyptian law scholar and diplomat, and the former Director General of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) for three successive terms from 1997 to 2009, Mohamed ElBaradei. He declined to avail his services  for a further fourth term in the IAEA; and the IAEA Board of Governors was split in its decision regarding the next director general. After several rounds of voting, on July 3, 2009, Mr. Yukiya Amano, Japanese ambassador to the IAEA, was elected as the next IAEA director general.

The following book review was written by George Perkovich, Director of the Nuclear Policy Program at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace and co-editor of “Abolishing Nuclear Weapons: A Debate.” The book review was posted on The Washington Post on 21 April 2011.

This book was published by Metropolitan Books (in 352 pages),
(April 26, 2011).

George Perkovich said in his review:
[Mohamed ElBaradei fought the Bush administration over the war in Iraq, blocked it from attacking Iran, and for his efforts received harassment from American hardliners and, eventually, the Nobel Peace Prize. Now, having retired from the International Atomic Energy Agency, he plans to run for president of Egypt. He has interesting stories to tell, and he tells them with verve.

Like other presidential aspirants, ElBaradei places himself in a flattering light and takes the popular side of issues voters care about. But “The Age of Deception” is more than a campaign biography: Written before the recent Egyptian upheaval, it reaches far beyond the politics of Cairo. The struggles ElBaradei waged in Iraq, North Korea, Iran and Libya to shape the international management of nuclear technology represent a central dynamic of the 21st century.

Will rule of law trump unilateralism? Can a progressive international order be built when states differ over which rules should be strengthened and how they should be enforced, and when rulers in North Korea, Burma, Syria and Iran reject norms that others respect? ElBaradei’s vivid narrative brings these and other big questions to life.

“I am totally against wars,” a 12-year-old Spanish girl named Alicia wrote to ElBaradei after he received the Nobel Prize in 2005. “I thank you very much for your efforts to try to avoid the war in Iraq. Despite the fact that your strategy, based on dialogue, was absolutely not to the liking of the USA, you knew how to stay firm and you showed that there were not nuclear weapons in Iraq, even while gaining the hate of the most powerful country.”

Alicia sums up“The Age of Deception” in many ways. ElBaradei repeatedly describes the nuclear infractions of North Korea, Iran, Libya and other nations and then insinuates that the United States should be blamed for scaring them into misbehaving or impeding him from working out fair-minded solutions with Iraq’s Saddam Hussein, North Korea’s Kim Jong Il and Iran’s Ayatollah Khamenei and Mahmoud Ahmadinejad. For example: The Iranians “were busily undermining the very solution they had worked so hard to achieve,” he writes after learning in 2006 that officials of former president Mohammad Khatami’s administration planned to attack the new president Ahmadinejad politically if he agreed to a deal with Washington. “I sighed. Tehran had been spending way too much time watching D.C. politics, I thought.” And: North Korea is “isolated, impoverished, feeling deeply threatened by the United States but nonetheless defiant.”

Libya had in the 1990s secretly bought uranium enrichment equipment and a blueprint for a nuclear weapon from the infamous network of Pakistan’s A.Q. Khan. This had not been detected by the International Atomic Energy Agency, but by British and American intelligence. ElBaradei was briefed before the story broke in December 2003. “I was told,” he writes, “that the genesis of the Libyan nuclear weapon program — and Gaddafi’s other WMD programs — was in retaliation for the April 1986 U.S. bombing raids during which Gaddafi’s adopted daughter, Hannah, was killed.” One is left to wonder whether he thought the Libyan terrorist attacks weeks earlier that killed Americans on TWA flight 840 and in the La Belle disco in Berlin were irrelevant, for he does not mention them. He does describe meeting Gaddafi who “spoke earnestly of his desire to develop Libya.”

Young Alicia tapped into ElBaradei’s wishful credo in another portion of her letter. “I hope that in the conflict with Iran you are luckier and that things get solved by using dialogue and not through arms,” she wrote. “And that the politicians of the USA accept the opinion of the UN.” But the world is not as nice as 12-year-old girls wish. Some states are ruled through violent repression, and even if their leaders are willing to compromise on some things, they may not accept peaceably the enforcement of international rules they violate, including resolutions of the U.N. Security Council.

Iran’s leadership is portrayed as fearful of the United States and very difficult to deal with. Still, ElBaradei insisted that Tehran would significantly constrain nuclear activities that could be used for military purposes if only Washington would take “yes” for an answer. ElBaradei makes no mention of the Iranian strategy revealed by the Khatami government’s chief negotiator, Hassan Rowhani, in a July 2005 interview. Rowhani, an urbane cleric since displaced by President Ahmadinejad, declared, “wherever we accepted suspension” of a nuclear activity, “we thought about another activity.” When Tehran suspended work on uranium enrichment at Natanz, it “put all of [its] efforts” into uranium conversion at Esfahan. This stall-and-advance, bait-and-switch approach continues today.

ElBaradei offers no insight into what can and should be done when unaccountable leaders refuse to accede to the requirements of the IAEA or the U.N. Nor does he address the possibility that despotic regimes cling to nuclear-weapons capability to protect their rule against domestic and foreign pressures for change.

The high-minded dialogue ElBaradei repeatedly calls for is not always sufficient, leaving the reader to wonder what then? Certainly, the United States should be more committed and supple in its diplomacy. Washington needs to realize that the states it fears are even more fearful of its power and judgment. But that is far from sufficient to solve the tough nuclear cases. President Obama, despite his Nobel credentials, has been unable to resolve the nuclear impasse in North Korea and Iran, or to persuade France, Russia, China, Pakistan and others to join him in moving towards a world without nuclear weapons.

ElBaradei displays an enmity toward Western nuclear-armed states that is sometimes overt and sometimes subtle, sometimes deserved and sometimes unfair. A fascinating mix of emotions and calculations seems to animate his analysis. Anyone wishing to glimpse some of the central tensions in 21st-century international diplomacy should read “The Age of Deception.”]

US Corrupt Diplomacy Assisting Islamists and Activists in Syria

…

According to Wikileaks Cables as posted at Al-Akhbar English it is clear that bringing democracy and human rights are the convenient way for the USA for selective regime change. This is done in the Arab region where the major rich partners of the USA are neither democratic in any way, nor even recognizing many basic human rights.

Deceptive US Diplomacy

The World must define exactly what the US administrations mean by “Diplomacy”, “Democracy”, “Human Rights” and “Foreign Policy”. These values are great but the USA must adhere to decent laws and acceptable code of conduct. The USA must not make immoral shortcuts to achieve their real goals; or pretend to serve these principles while actually peoples are being used and their ambitions are exploited, including the Americans.

Show us the Money!

Date: 9/23/2009 13:36
refid: 09DAMASCUS692
Origin: Embassy Damascus
Classification: SECRET//NOFORN
Destination: 09DAMASCUS477|09DAMASCUS534|09DAMASCUS620

Over the past six months, SARG security agents have increasingly questioned civil society and human rights activists about U.S. programming in Syria and the region, including U.S. Speaker and MEPI initiatives.
Over the past six months, civil society and human rights activists questioned by SARG security have told us interrogators asked specifically about their connections to the U.S. Embassy and the State Department. XXXXXXXXXXXX questioned about MEPI-funded Democracy Council activities as well as visiting State Department officials.

It is unclear to what extent SARG intelligence services understand how USG money enters Syria and through which proxy organizations. What is clear, however, is that security agents are increasingly focused on this issue when they interrogate human rights and civil society activists. The information agents are able to frame their questions with more and more specific information and names. XXXXXXXXXXXX suggest the SARG has keyed in on MEPI operations in particular.

Except for the Netherlands’ public stalling of the EU Association Agreement over human rights, Syrian activists have heard little in the way of support from the international community.

Murky Alliances

Date: 7/8/2009 13:03
refid: 09DAMASCUS477
Origin: Embassy Damascus
Classification: SECRET//NOFORN
Destination: 07DAMASCUS1156|09DAMASCUS185

The Muslim Brotherhood (MB) in Syria Website published a “letter” on June 11 accusing external Damascus Declaration committees of violating the Damascus Declaration National Council’s bylaws on electing members to the General Secretariat. XXXXXXXXXXXX and explained the Muslim Brotherhood’s protest stemmed from the external Damascus Declaration committees’ failure to coordinate with the MB in setting up the external political structures meant to compliment the Damascus Declaration’s internal structures.

The rancor expressed in the MB’s letter suggested a growing fissure between expatriate Damascus Declaration representatives, especially between the MB and the small, but politically connected and increasingly active Movement for Justice and Development (MJD). More worrisome, however, is recent information suggesting the SARG may already have penetrated the MJD and learned about sensitive USG programs in Syria.

Background
Since 2005, internal squabbles among political parties signatory to the Damascus Declaration have stalled, but never obstructed, the organization’s forward progress. Disputes ranged from how vocal the organization should be in condemning U.S. policies in the region (ref A) to whether the Damascus Declaration should distance itself from the MB.

Nasserists and nationalists of varying stripes, especially those in the Arab Socialist Democratic Party, whose participation in the Damascus Declaration was permitted by the SARG as a wedge to create division among reformist ranks, proved especially adamant in their rejection of the MB. The Nasserists, XXXXXXXXXXXX told us, insisted the MB’s involvement provoked the SARG; for the Damascus Declaration to continue safely, MB participation would have to be jettisoned.

MJD vs. Muslim Brotherhood
Since 2008, expatriates have formed Damascus Declaration committees throughout Europe and the United States. Initially, XXXXXXXXXXXX remarked, little coordination existed among the nascent “external committees” in the U.S., Britain, Belgium, France, and Germany. The MB, despite having a developed network in Europe and being signatory to the original Declaration, was left on the margin.

The MB did not comment on the formation of the committees, nor was the MB’s input sought by those putting the committees together, XXXXXXXXXXXX said. XXXXXXXXXXXX added that the purpose of these committees was to put in place a temporary, seven person panel that could elect a small number of external representatives to the General Secretariat, an idea consistent with the founders intentions for the General Secretariat’s structure.

XXXXXXXXXXXX asked the representative of the London-based Damascus Declaration committee, Anas al-Abdah — who was also the leader of the Movement for Justice and Development, a self-professed moderate Islamic organization (ref B) — to contact the MB and invite them to participate in the formation and elections of the ad hoc political panel.

“After a year,” XXXXXXXXXXXX lamented, “nothing has been achieved. Abdah claimed he tried to contact them, but this is hard to prove.” XXXXXXXXXXXX added that other external Damascus Declaration committee members had reported back that they too had attempted to contact the MB without success. XXXXXXXXXXXX told us XXXXXXXXXXXX doubted attempts at contact commenced until it was effectively beside the point — that is, after the MB broke with the NSF and disavowed opposition activities in response to the Israeli attacks on Gaza. By then, he said, it was too late; the MB felt slighted by the external committees. When the MB broke from the NSF, XXXXXXXXXXXX said, “I tried to push XXXXXXXXXXXX to contact them directly,” to ask them to participate in the formation of the external political structure. “I said directly, not through (Anas) Abdah because I know competition among groups outside causes problems,” XXXXXXXXXXXX recounted. XXXXXXXXXXXX

According to XXXXXXXXXXXX, it was the external committees’ disregard for MB participation that prompted the Brotherhood to draft and publish its incendiary letter. XXXXXXXXXXXX said “some people are now saying the MB isn’t serious about joining in the Damascus Declaration’s work” and that the letter is just an excuse — they have already renounced opposition activities and do not plan to resume them against Syria. XXXXXXXXXXXX cautioned, “I think this comes from outside, not in Syria,” and that it is not true. XXXXXXXXXXXX argued MB participation in the Damascus Declaration was essential, observing, “The MB is the largest Islamic group in the country; the MJD is just a few people.”

MJD: A Leaky Boat?
XXXXXXXXXXXX had told us in the past (ref B) that the MJD (1) had many members who were formerly with the MB; (2) was at odds with the MB and sought to marginalize it abroad; (3) was seeking to expand its base in Syria, though it had not been successful; and (4) had been initially lax in its security, often speaking about highly sensitive material on open lines. The first three points speak directly to the ongoing feud and the MB’s recent letter of protest. XXXXXXXXXXXX

XXXXXXXXXXXX told us security services had asked whether XXXXXXXXXXXX had met with anyone from our “Foreign Ministry” and with anyone from the Democracy Council (Comment: State Department Foreign Affairs Officer Joseph Barghout had recently been in Syria XXXXXXXXXXXX; we assume the SARG was fishing for information, knowing Barghout had entered the country. Jim Prince was in Damascus on February 25, XXXXXXXXXXXX

Born not as a political party, but as an umbrella organization composed of many different groups, the Damascus Declaration has been handicapped by internal divisions among unlikely allies: the Kurds, the MB, liberals, national socialists, communists and others. XXXXXXXXXXXX MJD’s organizational successes so far might best be explained as the by-products of its relationship with XXXXXXXXXXXX and the USG. Evidence the organization has a sizable, influential constituency inside and outside Syria is difficult to discern. Post has seen no reporting on the size MJD’s base in Europe and the U.S. XXXXXXXXXXXX; therefore it would not surprise us if an external committee member like Anas Abdah, who heads both the Damascus Declaration’s external London committee and the MJD, would drag his feet when asked to contact the MB.

XXXXXXXXXXXX report begs the question of how much and for how long the SARG has known about Democracy Council operations in Syria and, by extension, the MJD’s participation. Reporting in other channels suggest the Syrian Muhabarat may already have penetrated the MJD and is using MJD contacts to track U.S. democracy programming. If the SARG does know, but has chosen not to intervene openly, it raises the possibility that the SARG may be mounting a campaign to entrap democracy activists receiving illegal (under Syrian law) foreign assistance.

Behavior Reform

Date: 4/28/2009 13:24
refid: 09DAMASCUS306
Origin: Embassy Damascus
Classification: SECRET
Destination: 09DAMASCUS129|09DAMASCUS185|09DAMASCUS272

This cable represents a follow-up to “Re-engaging Syria: Human Rights” (ref A) and outlines ongoing civil society programming in the country, primarily under the auspices of the Bureau of Human Rights and Labor (DRL) and the Middle East Partnership Initiative (MEPI).

Both MEPI and DRL fund projects on which Post has varying degrees of visibility. Some programs may be perceived, were they made public, as an attempt to undermine the Asad regime, as opposed to encouraging behavior reform. In an effort to assist any Department level discussions on the SARG’s attitude toward human rights, this cable describes a possible strategy for framing the human rights discussion as an area of “mutual concern” for Syria and the U.S.

The New Policy Front
As the Syria policy review moves apace, and with the apparent collapse of the primary Syrian external opposition organization, one thing appears increasingly clear: U.S. policy may aim less at fostering “regime change” and more toward encouraging “behavior reform.” If this assumption holds, then a reassessment of current U.S.-sponsored programming that supports anti-SARG factions, both inside and outside Syria, may prove productive as well.

The U.S. attempt to politically isolate the SARG raised stumbling blocks to direct Embassy involvement in civil society programming. As a result, the Middle East Partnership Initiative (MEPI) and the Bureau of Human Rights and Labor (DRL) took the lead in identifying and funding civil society and human rights projects. Though the Embassy has had direct input on a few of these efforts, especially with DRL, most of the programming has proceeded without direct Embassy involvement.

DRL
DRL funded four major Syria-specific programs in the previous fiscal year. The grant recipients were (1) Freedom House, which conducted multiple workshops for a select group of Syrian activists on “strategic non-violence and civic mobilization;” (2) the American Bar Association, which held a conference in Damascus in July and then continued outreach with the goal of implementing legal education programs in Syria through local partners; (3) American University, which has conducted research on Syrian tribal and civil society by inviting shaykhs from six tribes to Beirut for interviews and training; and (4) Internews, which has coordinated with the Arab Women Media Center to support media youth camps for university-aged Syrians in both Amman and Damascus. In addition to these programs, the Embassy provided input on DRL grants awarded to Center for International Private Enterprise (CIPE), International War and Peace Reporting (IWPR), and The International Research and Exchange Board (IREX). Though Post does not directly monitor any of these programs, we have appreciated the opportunity to meet with representatives of CIPE and IWPR.

MEPI
In addition to smaller local grants, MEPI sponsors eight major Syria-specific initiatives, some dating back to 2005 that will have received approximately USD 12 million by September 2010. A summary of MEPI produced material on these programs follows:
-Aspen Strategic Initiative Institute, “Supporting Democratic Reform” (USD 2,085,044, December 1, 2005 – December 31, 2009). The institute, situated in Berlin, works with indigenous and expatriate reform-oriented activists and has sponsored conferences in international locations that brought together NGO representatives, media, and human rights activists from the Middle East, Europe, and the U.S., paying particular attention to Syrian Kurds. MEPI noted that “while this program has offered little intrinsic value and will not likely be continued beyond the terms of the grant, XXXXXXXXXXXX
-Democracy Council of California, “Civil Society Strengthening Initiative (CSSI)” (USD 6,300,562, September 1, 2006 – September 30, 2010). “CSSI is a discrete collaborative effort between the Democracy Council and local partners” that has produced XXXXXXXXXXXX “various broadcast concepts” set to air in April.
-Regents of the University of New Mexico, “The Cooperative Monitoring Center-Amman: Web Access for Civil Society Initiatives” (USD 949,920, September 30, 2006 – September 30, 2009). This project established “a web portal” and training in how to use it for NGOs. MEPI noted, “this program has been of minimal utility and is unlikely to be continued beyond the term of the grant.”
-XXXXXXXXXXXX
-XXXXXXXXXXXX
-International Republican Institute (IRI), “Supporting Democratic Reform” (USD 1,250,000, September 30, 2006 – August 31, 2009). “The project supports grassroots public awareness campaigns and the conduct and dissemination of public opinion polling research. XXXXXXXXXXXX
-XXXXXXXXXXXX
-XXXXXXXXXXXX
-MEPI has also proposed continued programming for IRI and the CIPE, as well as supporting independent journalists through joint efforts with NEA/PI.

Challenge Ahead: Programming In Syria
Regarding the most sensitive MEPI-sponsored programs in Syria, Post has had limited visibility on specific projects, due in no small measure to SARG-imposed constraints. XXXXXXXXXXXX. Through the intermediary operations of the Movement for Justice and Development (MJD) (ref B), a London-based moderate Islamist group, MEPI routes money XXXXXXXXXXXX. Our understanding is that the aforementioned Democracy Council grant is used for this purpose and passes the MEPI grant money on to the MJD.

The SARG would undoubtedly view any U.S. funds going to illegal political groups as tantamount to supporting regime change. This would inevitably include the various expatriate reform organizations operating in Europe and the U.S., most of which have little to no effect on civil society or human rights in Syria.

Strategic Thinking: Next Steps
The current review of policy toward Syria offers the USG an opportunity to reaffirm its commitment to human rights through the strategic and incremental opening of dialogue between the two countries. The core issues facing a human rights strategy for Syria are (1) how best to advise the SARG that its tolerating dissent will be a key issue as our bilateral relationship moves forward; and (2) how to bring our U.S.-sponsored civil society and human rights programming into line a less confrontational bilateral relationship.

Conversations between U.S. and SARG officials have examined the parameters of what might constitute a “common interest” between the two countries, “shared concerns” upon which to center future bilateral discourse and achieve concrete results. This strategy might prove equally effective in raising human rights with the SARG by clearly articulating how recognizable and sustained behavior change in relation to human rights would enhance SARG’s image, which currently represents a stumbling block to advancing bilateral relations. In the past, both the Department and the White House have made public statements condemning the SARG for its human rights record; these statements have not, unfortunately, produced positive results. Visiting Congressional delegations have also made public statements that have not been met with the desired action by the SARG.

The SARG reacts defensively to public announcements, so more private channels of communication might reinforce a “common interest” theme, allowing the SARG to act without being perceived as bending under U.S. pressure.

Should the current administration wish to send such a message, action on any one of the following five concerns might shift the SARG’s image into a more positive light. (1) The release of specific imprisoned high-profile civil society and human rights activists; (2) credible movement to resolve the citizenship status of stateless Kurds; (3) loosening media restrictions, including Internet censorship; (4) lifting travel bans on Syrian citizens; and (5) following up on promises to establish a “Senate” that would create a legislative space for opposition politicians to work in.

The perennial challenge is how to build programming in Syria without drawing SARG scrutiny to Syrian contacts and Embassy personnel. XXXXXXXXXXXX. If our dialogue with Syria on human rights is to succeed, we need to express the desire to work in Syria to strengthen civil society in a non-threatening manner. We also need to ensure that programming here is fully coordinated, that the Embassy has the resources it needs to administer the programs, and that the programs are compliant with U.S. economic sanctions against Syria.

While DRL- and MEPI-funded programs have explored new areas where we can achieve results, some of our time-honored programs may also prove to be extremely effective. The attractiveness of U.S. culture is still a powerful engine for change in Syria. It is revealing that when the SARG sought to punish the U.S. for its alleged role in the October 26, 2008 attack in Abu Kamal, they avoided political targets and instead shut down the three main sources of American culture in Damascus: the American Culture Center (ACC), the ALC, and the Damascus Community School. Countering with more cultural programming, more speaker programs, and the IV exchange program remain our best tools for having a direct effect on civil society. To this end, VIPs coming to Syria might be uniquely positioned to request and receive opportunities for addressing public audiences.

Political Assassinations in the World

…

Countries with The Highest Number of Political Assassinations in the World

With few exceptions, political assassination is common in countries having liberal democracy; international secret societies; and powerful corporations. Such combination leads to the formation of organized criminality at top levels. Their criminal activities include political assassinations; and also massive corruption.

Princess Diana

Here is a list showing the countries with highest number of political assassinations arranged in order (Rank; Number of assassinations; and country name). This statistics does not include those who are murdered under judiciary and legal pretexts:

1. 45 Japan; (ranks #1 with 45 political assignations).
2. 44 United States
3. 43  Italy (and former Roman Empire)
4. 41  Assassinations in Russia and the Soviet Union
5. 37 France
6. 33  United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
7. 30  Israel
8. 23 Sri Lanka
9. 22 Turkey
10. 22  Germany
11. 21 Lebanon
12. 20 Mexico
13. 20  Iraq
14. 18 Philippines
15. 18  Greece
16. 17 Afghanistan
17. 17  El Salvador
18. 16 Spain
19. 15  Egypt
20. 15  Colombia
21. 14 Iran
22. 14  Algeria
23. 13 Pakistan
24. 11 Netherlands
25. 11 Ireland
26. 10 China
27. 10 Bulgaria
28. 10  Syria

Countries arranged aphetically with the first heading number showing the total political assassinations:

14 Algeria

John F. Kennedy

1. Hiempsal (117 BC), co-ruler of Numidia
2. Charles de Foucauld (December 1, 1916), French Catholic religious and priest
3. François Darlan (December 24, 1942), senior figure of Vichy France
4. Mohamed Khemisti (April 11, 1963), Algerian foreign minister [3]
5. Mustafa Bouyali (February 3, 1987), Islamic fundamentalist
6. Mohamed Boudiaf (June 29, 1992), Head of State of Algeria, shot at Annaba [4]
7. Kasdi Merbah (August 22, 1993), former Prime Minister of Algeria
8. Abdelkader Alloula (March 10, 1994), playwright
9. Cheb Hasni (September 29, 1994), singer
10. Seven monks of the Trappistes of Tibérine (March 27, 1996)
11. Pierre Claverie (August 1, 1996), Catholic bishop of Oran
12. Lounès Matoub (June 25, 1998), singer
13. Abdelkader Hachani (November 22, 1999), Islamic fundamentalist
14. Ali Tounsi (February 25, 2010), chief of the national police

15 Egypt

Abraham Lincoln

1. Pompey the Great (48 BC), Roman general and politician killed in Egypt
2. Al-Afdal Shahanshah (1121), vizier of Fatimid Egypt
3. Al-Amir (1130), Fatimid Caliph
4. Qutuz (1260), Mamluk sultan of Egypt
5. Jean Baptiste Kléber (1800), French general
6. Boutros Ghali (1910), Prime Minister of Egypt
7. Sir Lee Stack (1924), Governor-General of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan
8. Walter Edward Guinness, Lord Moyne (1944), the UK’s Minister Resident in the Middle East
9. Ahmed Maher Pasha (1945 February 24), Prime Minister of Egypt [6]
10. Mahmud Fahmi Nokrashi (1948 December 28), Prime Minister of Egypt [7]
11. Hassan al-Banna (1949), founder of the Muslim Brotherhood
12. Wasfi al-Tal (1971 November 28), Prime Minister of Jordan shot during visit to Cairo [1]
13. Anwar Sadat (1981 October 6), President of Egypt, shot while reviewing military parade [1]
14. Rifaat al-Mahgoub (1990), speaker of Egyptian parliament
15. Farag Foda (1992), Egyptian politician and intellectual

15 Colombia

1. Antonio José de Sucre (1830), Venezuelan politician, statesman, soldier
2. Rafael Uribe Uribe (1914), Lawyer, journalist, diplomat, soldier
3. Jorge Eliécer Gaitán (1948), Liberal Party leader
4. Rodrigo Lara Bonilla (1984), Minister of Justice
5. Jaime Pardo Leal (1987), Presidential candidate, leader of the Patriotic Union party
6. Guillermo Cano Isaza (1986), Director of El Espectador newspaper
7. Luis Carlos Galán (1989), Presidential candidate, leader of the Colombian Liberal Party
8. Bernardo Jaramillo Ossa (1990 March 22), Presidential candidate, leader of the Patriotic Union party [1]
9. Carlos Pizarro Leongómez (1990), Presidential candidate, leader of the M-19 party
10. Diana Turbay (1991), journalist and daughter of former Colombian president Julio César Turbay Ayala
11. Andrés Escobar (1994), International footballer
12. Manuel Cepeda Vargas (1994), Senator, leader of the Patriotic Union party
13. Alvaro Gómez Hurtado (1995), former presidential candidate and director of El Nuevo Siglo newspaper
14. Jaime Garzón (1999), Notable journalist and satirist
15. Guillermo Gaviria Correa (2003), Governor of Antioquia

17 El Salvador

1. Manuel Enrique Araujo (1913), President of El Salvador
2. Farabundo Martí (1932), communist leader and peasant revolt organizer.
3. Roque Dalton (1975), poet and revolutionary.
4. Rutilio Grande García, S.J. (1977), Roman Catholic priest
5. Alfonso Navarro Oviedo (1977), Roman Catholic priest
6. Ernesto Barrera (1978), Roman Catholic priest
7. Octavio Ortiz Luna (1979), Roman Catholic priest
8. Rafael Palacios (1979), Roman Catholic priest
9. Alirio Napoleón Macías (1979), Roman Catholic priest
10. Óscar Arnulfo Romero (1980), Archbishop of San Salvador, by right-wing death squad
11. Enrique Álvarez Córdova (1980) and five other leaders of the opposition Democratic Revolutionary Front (“FDR,” for its Spanish initials), captured and killed by government aligned security forces.
12. Ita Ford, Maura Clarke, Dorothy Kazel, and Jean Donovan (1980), Roman Catholic nuns, by the National Guard of El Salvador
13. Albert Schaufelberger (1983), senior U.S. Naval representative
14. Ignacio Ellacuría (1989), Roman Catholic Jesuit priest, by Atlacatl Battalion of the Salvadoran Army
15. Ignacio Martin-Baro (1989), Roman Catholic Jesuit priest, by Atlacatl Battalion of the Salvadoran Army
16. Segundo Montes (1989), Roman Catholic Jesuit priest, by Atlacatl Battalion of the Salvadoran Army
17. María Cristina Gómez, 1989, teacher and community leader

20 Mexico

1. Motecuhzoma II Xocoyotl (1520), Mexica Emperor
2. Francisco I. Madero (1913 February 23), President of Mexico[3] plus Gustavo A. Madero and José María Pino Suárez
3. Abraham González (1913 March 7), revolutionary, governor of Chihuahua and mentor to Pancho Villa
4. Emiliano Zapata (1919), revolutionary
5. Venustiano Carranza (1920 May 20), President of Mexico[3]
6. Doroteo Arango a.k.a. Pancho Villa (1923 July 20), revolutionary[10]
7. Felipe Carrillo Puerto (1924), Governor of Yucatán
8. Álvaro Obregón (1928 July 17), President-elect[10]
9. Julio Antonio Mella (1929), Cuban revolutionary
10. Leon Trotsky (1940 August 20), Russian communist leader[10]
11. Enrique Camarena (1985), policeman
12. Carlos Loret de Mola Mediz (1986), Journalist and State governor
13. Juan Jesús Posadas Ocampo (1993), Roman Catholic Cardinal of Guadalajara, at the Guadalajara Airport
14. Luis Donaldo Colosio (1994 March 23), Presidential candidate[1]
15. Francisco Ortiz Franco (1994), contributing editor to Zeta.
16. José Francisco Ruiz Massieu (1994), Secretary-General of the Partido Revolucionario Institucional
17. Paco Stanley (1999), Comedian
18. Digna Ochoa (2001), human rights lawyer
19. Jesús Manuel Lara Rodríguez (2010), Mayor of Guadalupe
20. Rodolfo Torre Cantú (2010), politician

44 United States

1. Elijah P. Lovejoy (1837), editor of an abolitionist newspaper, the “Alton Observer”, by a mob of pro-slavery advocates.
2. James Strang (1856), Michigan State Representative and leader of the Strangite Church.
3. Abraham Lincoln (1865), 16th President of the United States.
4. James A. Garfield (1881), 20th President of the United States.
5. David Hennessy (1890), Police Chief of New Orleans.
6. Samuel Newitt Wood (1891), Kansas Legislator and Senator.
7. Carter Harrison (1893), Mayor of Chicago.
8. William Goebel (1900), governor of Kentucky.
9. William McKinley (1901), 25th President of the United States.
10. Don Mellett (1926), newspaper editor and campaigner against organized crime.
11. Anton Cermak (1931), Mayor of Chicago.
12. Huey Long (1935), U.S. Senator, Louisiana.
13. Walter Liggett (1935), Minnesota newspaper editor.
14. Carlo Tresca (1943), anarchist organizer.
15. Curtis Chillingworth (1955), a Florida judge.
16. John F. Kennedy (1963), 35th President of the United States.
17. Medgar Evers (1963 June 12), U.S. civil rights activist.[1]
18. Malcolm X (1965 February 21), black Muslim leader, killed in a Manhattan banquet room as he began a speech.
19. George Lincoln Rockwell (1967), founder of the American Nazi Party.
20. Martin Luther King, Jr. (1968 April 4), U.S. civil rights activist.[1]
21. Robert F. Kennedy (1968), leading presidential candidate in the 1968 presidential election
22. Fred Hampton (1969), Deputy Chairman of the Illinois chapter of the Black Panther Party.
23. Dan Mitrione (1970), FBI agent and torture expert, killed by the guerrilla movement Tupamaros.
24. Marcus Foster (1973), School District Superintendent in Oakland CA, killed by members of the Symbionese Liberation Army.
25. Don Bolles (1976), Investigative reporter for Arizona Republic, killed in car bomb, Max Dunlap and James Robison convicted, alleged Mafia ties.
26. Orlando Letelier (1976), Chilean ambassador to the United States under the administration of Salvador Allende.
27. George Moscone (1978, November 27) Mayor of San Francisco, shot and killed by Dan White in San Francisco City Hall.
28. Harvey Milk (1978, November 27) San Francisco city supervisor, shot and killed by Dan White in San Francisco City Hall.
29. John Lennon (1980 December 8), British musician, member of The Beatles, shot and killed by Mark David Chapman.
30. Alan Berg (1984), radio talk-show host, killed by Neo-nazis.
31. Henry Liu (1984), Taiwanese-American writer, allegedly killed by Kuomintang agents.
32. Alex Odeh (1985), Arab anti-discrimination group leader, killed when bomb exploded in his Santa Ana, California office.
33. Alejandro González Malavé (1986), famous undercover policeman, in Bayamón, Puerto Rico.
34. Meir David Kahane (1990), Member of the Israeli Knesset, Founder of the JDL and the Kach Party, Zionist
35. Ioan P. Culianu (1991), Romanian historian of religion, culture, and ideas, professor at the University of Chicago, assassinated there in Swift Hall, apparently for his political writings.
36. David Gunn (1993), abortion doctor.
37. John Britton (1994), abortion doctor.
38. Selena Quintanilla (1995), tex-mex singer assassinated by Yolanda Saldivar, her fan club’s president.
39. Barnett Slepian (1998), abortion doctor.
40. Thomas C. Wales (2001), federal prosecutor and gun control advocate.
41. Chauncey Bailey (2007), Oakland Tribune journalist.
42. Bill Gwatney (2008), Chairman of The Arkansas Democratic Party
43. George Tiller (2009), late-term abortion doctor, shot as he ushered at his church.
44. John M. Roll (2011), federal judge in Arizona

17 Afghanistan

1. Habibullah Khan (1919), emir of Afghanistan
2. Mohammed Nadir Shah (1933 November 8), king of Afghanistan [11]
3. Mohammed Daoud Khan (1978), president of Afghanistan killed in communist coup
4. Adolph Dubs (1979 February 14), U.S. ambassador to Afghanistan [1]
5. Nur Mohammad Taraki (1979), communist president
6. Hafizullah Amin (1979), communist Prime Minister of Afghanistan killed during Soviet invasion
7. Meena Keshwar Kamal (1987), Afghan founder of the Revolutionary Association of the Women of Afghanistan
8. Mohammed Najibullah (1996), president of Afghanistan from 1986 to 1992, killed by the Taliban during the capture of Kabul
9. Ahmed Shah Massoud (2001), leader of the Afghan Northern Alliance
10. Abdul Haq (2001), Afghan Northern Alliance commander killed by remnants of the Taliban
11. Mohammed Atef (2001) alleged military chief of al-Qaeda
12. Juma Namangani (2001) Co-founder of Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan
13. Abdul Qadir (2002 July 6), vice-president of Afghanistan [1]
14. Abdul Rahman (2002 February 14), Afghan Minister for Civil Aviation and Tourism [1]
15. Dadullah (2007), Taliban’s senior military commander
16. Abdul Sabur Farid Kuhestani (2007), former Prime Minister of Afghanistan
17. Tohir Yo‘ldosh (2009), Co-founder of Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan

10 China

1. Sidibala (1323), grand-khan of the Mongol Empire, Emperor of Yuan China
2. João Maria Ferreira do Amaral (1849), Portuguese Governor of Macau
3. Ma Xinyi (1870), a governor assassinated by Zhang Wenxiang in the summer of 1870.
4. Ito Hirobumi (1909), Japanese Resident-General of Korea, in Manchuria
5. Chen Qimei (1916), revolutionary activist
6. Liao Zhongkai (1925)
7. Zhang Zuolin (1928), Manchurian warlord, by officers of the Japanese Guandong Army
8. Fang Zhenwu (1941)
9. Wen Yiduo (1946), Chinese poet and scholar
10. Li Shiming (2008), Chinese government official

14 Iran

1. Xerxes I (465 BC), Persian king killed by guards
2. Xerxes II (423 BC), Persian king killed by his half-brother Sogdianus
3. Sogdianus (423 BC), Persian king killed by his half-brother Darius II
4. Nizam al-Mulk (1092), Persian scholar and vizier of the Seljuk Turks
5. Nader Shah (1747), Shah of Persia
6. Nasser-al-Din Shah (1896), Shah of Persia killed by Mirza Reza Kermani
7. Firouz Mirza Nosrat-ed-Dowleh Farman Farmaian III (1930), Iranian Diplomat and Politician
8. Abdolhossein Teymourtash (1933), Iranian Statesman
9. Qazi Muhammad (1947), dissident Kurdish Iranian political leader, in Mahabad
10. Ali Razmara (1951), Prime Minister of Iran
11. Hassan Ali Mansur (1965 January 21), Prime Minister of Iran [10]
12. Mohammad Beheshti (1981), killed along with 71 others in bombing
13. Mohammad Ali Rajai (1981), president of Iran
14. Mohammad Javad Bahonar (1981), Prime Minister of Iran, killed in bombing with Rajai

20 Iraq

1. Gordian III (244), Roman emperor, near Circesium (modern day Abu Sera) by his troops
2. Faisal II (1958 July 14), King of Iraq[10]
3. Nuri Pasha as-Said (1958 July 14), Prime Minister of Iraq[3]
4. Abdul Razak al-Naif (1978 July 9), former Prime Minister of Iraq, killed in London[10]
5. Mohammad Baqir al-Sadr (1980), former Grand Ayatollah
6. Bint al-Huda (1980), Iraqi educator and political activist she was killed by Saddam Hussein along with her brother, Ayatullah Sayyid Mohammad Baqir al-Sadr
7. Mahdi al-Hakim (1988), prominent figure in the Iraqi opposition, assassinated in the lobby of the Hilton in the Sudanese capital Khartoum, his companion Halim Abd-alWahhab was wounded in the leg.
8. Mohammad Mohammad Sadeq al-Sadr (1999), former Grand Ayatollah, killed in the Iraqi city of Najaf along with two of his sons.
9. Sérgio Vieira de Mello (2003), UN Special Representative in Iraq
10. Sayed Mohammed Baqir al-Hakim (2003), ayatollah
11. Aquila al-Hashimi (2003), Iraqi Governing Council member
12. Waldemar Milewicz (2004), Polish journalist
13. Hatem Kamil (2004), deputy governor of Baghdad Province
14. Ezzedine Salim (2004), chairman of the Iraqi Governing Council
15. Dhari Ali al-Fayadh (2005), Iraqi MP
16. Ihab al-Sherif (2005), Egyptian envoy to Iraq
17. Abu Musab al-Zarqawi (2006) leader of al-Qaeda in Iraq (AQI)
18. Abdul Sattar Abu Risha (2007), Sunni tribal leader
19. Mohamed Moumou (2008), Number 2 leader of al-Qaeda in Iraq and senior leader in Northern Iraq
20. Riad Abdel Majid (2009), Brigadier General in the Iraqi Army[12]

30 Israel

1. Ish-bosheth (c1000 BC), King of Israel, by two of his captains
2. Abner (c1000 BC), Commander of Ish-bosheth’s army, by Joab, commander of David’s army
3. Amnon (c1000 BC), son of King David, by servants of Absalom, his brother
4. Absalom (c1000 BC), son of King David, by Joab, commander of David’s army
5. Nadab (c910), King of Israel, by Baasha, one of his military commanders, who succeeded him
6. Elah (c886), King of Israel, by Zimri, captain of his chariot corps, during a drinking party (Zimri succeeded him)
7. Jehoram, King of Israel, by Jehu, one of his chariot commanders, who succeeded him
8. Ahaziah, King of Judah, by Jehu, at the same time as that of Jehoram of Israel
9. Athaliah, Queen of Judah, during a conspiracy of priests in favor of the boy Jehoash, who succeeded her
10. Jehoash (c800 BC), King of Judah, by his servants
11. Amaziah (c768 BC), King of Judah, by unknown conspirators
12. Zechariah (c752 BC), King of Israel, publicly assassinated by Shallum, who succeeded him
13. Shallum (c752 BC), King of Israel, by Menahem, one of his generals, who succeeded him
14. Pekahiah (c737 BC), King of Israel, by Pekah, one of his military commanders, who succeeded him
15. Pekah (c732 BC), King of Israel, by Hoshea, who succeeded him
16. Amon (c651 BC), King of Judah, by his servants
17. Simon Maccabaeus (135 BC), Hasmonean king, by his son-in-law Ptolemy
18. Hugh II of Le Puiset (1134), count of Jaffa
19. Miles of Plancy (1174), regent of the Kingdom of Jerusalem
20. Conrad of Montferrat (1192), King of Jerusalem, leader in the Third Crusade
21. Jacob Israël de Haan (1924), pro-Orthodox Jewish diplomat
22. Haim Arlosoroff (1933), Zionist leader in the British Mandate of Palestine
23. Thomas C. Wasson (1948), US Consul General in Jerusalem
24. Folke Bernadotte (1948), Middle East peace mediator, assassinated by Lehi [3]
25. Rudolf Kasztner (1957), Hungarian Zionist leader, negotiated the Kasztner train with the Nazis
26. Sheikh Hamad Abu Rabia (1981), Member of the Knesset
27. Emil Grunzweig (1983), Peace activist, member of Peace Now movement.
28. Yitzhak Rabin (1995), Prime Minister of Israel and 1994 Nobel Peace Prize recipient [1]
29. Binyamin Ze’ev Kahane (2000), Son of Meir David Kahane, Leader of Kahane Chai, Zionist
30. Rehavam Zeevi (2001), Israeli general and politician

45 Japan

1. Emperor Ankō (456), Emperor of Japan
2. Emperor Sushun (592), Emperor of Japan
3. The Sogas (645), Japanese political family
4. Minamoto no Yoshitomo (1160), head of Minamoto clan, father of Minamoto no Yoritomo
5. Minamoto no Sanetomo (1219), the third shogun of the Kamakura Shogunate
6. Ashikaga Yoshinori (1441), the sixth shogun of the Ashikaga Shogunate
7. Ōta Dōkan (1486), samurai, architect and builder of Edo Castle
8. Hosokawa Masamoto (1507), shugo daimyo of Ashikaga Shogunate
9. Matsudaira Kiyoyasu (1535), daimyo, feudal leader in Japan
10. Matsudaira Hirotada (1549), daimyo, son of Matsudaira Kiyoyasu
11. Ōuchi Yoshitaka (1551), daimyo, feudal leader in Japan
12. Oda Nobuyuki (1557), Japanese samurai, younger brother of Oda Nobunaga
13. Ashikaga Yoshiteru (1565), Shogun, feudal leader in Japan
14. Mimura Iechika (1566), daimyo, feudal leader in Japan
15. Yamanaka Shikanosuke (1578), Japanese samurai
16. Oda Nobunaga (1582), samurai warlord
17. Shakushain (1669), Ainu chieftain
18. Kira Yoshinaka,(1703), master of ceremonies
19. Shimazu Nariaki (1858), Japanese daimyo in Satsuma Province, now Kagoshima prefecture
20. Ii Naosuke (1860), Japanese politician
21. Tokugawa Nariaki (1860), Japanese daimyo, a relative of Tokugawa shoguns
22. Charles Lennox Richardson (1862), English diplomat, by Shimazu Hisamitsu’s samurai in Namamugi. Called the Namamugi Incident
23. Serizawa Kamo (1863), a chief of Shinsen-gumi
24. Sakuma Shozan (1864), Japanese politician
25. Sakamoto Ryoma (1867), Japanese author
26. Ōmura Masujirō (1869), military leader and theorist
27. Yokoi Shōnan (1869), scholar and politician
28. Okubo Toshimichi (1878), Home Minister of Japan, briefly most powerful man in Japan
29. Mori Arinori (1889), First Education Minister
30. Prince Ito Hirobumi (1909 October 26), First Prime Minister of Japan [11]
31. Hara Takashi (1921), Prime Minister of Japan
32. Yasuda Zenjirō (1921), entrepreneur who founded Yasuda zaibatsu, great-grand father of Yoko Ono
33. Hamaguchi Osachi (1931), Prime Minister of Japan
34. Dan Takuma (1932), zaibatsu leader
35. Inukai Tsuyoshi (1932), Prime Minister of Japan
36. Yoshinori Shirakawa (1932), general of the Imperial Japanese Army
37. Tetsuzan Nagata (1935), general of the Imperial Japanese Army
38. Saitō Makoto (1936), admiral of the Imperial Japanese Navy
39. Takahashi Korekiyo (1936), Prime Minister of Japan
40. Inejiro Asanuma (1960), Socialist Party of Japan chairman
41. Kazuo Nagano (1985), Japanese chairman
42. Hitoshi Igarashi (1991), translated The Satanic Verses into Japanese
43. Hideo Murai (1995), one of the leading members of Aum Shinrikyo
44. Koki Ishii (2002), Japanese politician
45. Iccho Itoh (2007), Mayor of Nagasaki

21 Lebanon

1. Raymond II of Tripoli (1152), count of Tripoli
2. Philip of Montfort (1270), Lord of Tyre
3. Sami al-Hinnawi (1950), Syrian head of state
4. Francis E. Meloy, Jr. and Robert O. Waring, US Ambassador and US Economic Councelor to Lebanon and their driver Zuhair Mohammed Moghrabi (1976 June 16)[7]
5. Kamal Jumblatt (1977), Lebanese Druze leader
6. Tony Frangieh (1978), Lebanese Christian leader
7. Bachir Gemayel (1982), president-elect of Lebanon, killed by bomb [1]
8. Rashid Karami (1987 June 1), Prime Minister of Lebanon, killed by bomb aboard helicopter [1]
9. René Moawad (1989), President of Lebanon
10. Dany Chamoun (1990), son of late president Camille Chamoun
11. Elie Hobeika (2002), Lebanese militia leader
12. Rafik Hariri (2005), former Prime Minister of Lebanon
13. Bassel Fleihan (2005), Lebanese legislator and Minister of Economy and Commerce
14. Samir Kassir (2005), Columnist at “An Nahar” daily Lebanese newspaper, long a fiery critic of Syria
15. George Hawi (2005), former chief of Lebanese Communist Party
16. Gibran Tueni (2005), Editor in Chief of “An Nahar” daily Lebanese newspaper
17. Pierre Gemayel (2006), Minister of Industry of Lebanon
18. Walid Eido (2007), member of the National Assembly
19. Antoine Ghanim (2007), member of the National Assembly
20. François al-Hajj (2007) Lebanese Military General
21. Wissam Eid (2008) National Security, Information Sector

13 Pakistan

1. Liaquat Ali Khan (1951 October 16), first Prime Minister of Pakistan [1]
2. Hayat Sherpao (1975), Former Governor of the North-West Frontier Province was killed by Afghan extremist.
3. Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq (1988 August 17), 10-year President of Pakistan and 12-year Chief of Army Staff in a mysterious aircraft accident which seemed to be a bomb blast (traced to a crate of mangoes placed into his aircraft).
4. Abdullah Yusuf Azzam (1989), militant Islamist, near Peshawar
5. Fazle Haq (1991), former governor of the Northwest Frontier province, Pakistan, from 1978 to 1985
6. Ghulam Haider Wyne (Sep 1993) Former Chief Minister of Punjab
7. Iqbal Masih (1995), 13-year-old anti-child labor activist, in Rakh Baoli
8. Hakim Said (1998), Founder of Hamdard Foundation and Hamdard University, Karachi. Former Governor of Sindh
9. Siddiq Khan Kanju (2001), former foreign minister of Pakistan from 1991 to 1993
10. Benazir Bhutto (2007 December 27), former Prime Minister of Pakistan (first and only lady Prime minister of Pakistan), by unknown assassins
11. Baitullah Mehsud (2009) Leader of Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan
12. Salman Taseer (2011 January 4), Governor of Punjab
13. Shahbaz Bhatti (2011 March 2), Minorities Minister

18 Philippines

1. Ferdinand Magellan (1521) thwarted globe circumnavigator
2. Fernando Manuel de Bustamante (1719), Spanish Governor-General of the Philippines
3. Diego Silang (1763), early rebel leader
4. Antonio Luna (1899), a leader of the Filipino army during Philippine-American War
5. Julio Nalundasan (1935), Ilocos Congressman, young Ferdinand Marcos tried but acquitted for the slaying
6. Aurora Quezon (1949), former First Lady of the Philippines
7. Ponciano Bernardo (1949), mayor of then Philippine capital Quezon City
8. Joe Lingad (1980), former Pampanga governor
9. Benigno Aquino, Jr. (1983 August 21), senator and politician, leader of the opposition against Ferdinand Marcos [1]
10. Cesar Climaco (1984), Mayor of Zamboanga City and prominent opposition leader
11. Evelio Javier (1986), Antique governor and ally of then presidential candidate Corazon Aquino
12. Emma Henry (1986), police officer and film actress
13. Lean Alejandro (1987), prominent student activist leader
14. Roy Padilla, Sr. (1988), Camarines Norte Governor, Father of Robin Padilla
15. James N. Rowe (1989), US Military advisor
16. Filemon ‘Ka Popoy’ Lagman (2001), founder of the Bukluran ng Manggagawang Pilipino (BMP)
17. Alberto Ramento (2006), bishop of the Philippine Independent Church
18. Wahab Akbar (2007), Congress Representative of Basilan

23 Sri Lanka

1. Solomon Bandaranaike (1959 September 25), Sri Lankan prime minister, by Buddhist monk Talduwe Somarama, who later converts to Christianity[1]
2. Alfred Duraiyapah (1975), former Mayor, Jaffna, by LTTE
3. Vijaya Kumaratunga (1989), movie actor turned SLFP-SLMP politician, by JVP.
4. Rohana Wijeweera (1989), founder of JVP, by Sri Lankan Armed Forces
5. Appapillai Amrithalingam) (1989), founder of separatist party TULF, by LTTE
6. Ranjan Wijeratne (1991), Foreign minister & Minister of State for Defence, MP, by LTTE
7. Lalith Athulathmudali (1993), former cabinet minister, MP, purportedly by LTTE (but believed by many Sri Lankans to have been orchestrated by rival Ranasinghe Premadasa)
8. Ranasinghe Premadasa (1993), President of Sri Lanka, purportedly by LTTE (but possibly revenge for his own orchestrating murder of political rival Lalith Athulathmudali, to whom he feared losing election)
9. Gamini Dissanayake (1994), Presidential candidate, UNP, member of Parliament Sri Lanka, by LTTE
10. Sarojini Yogeswaran (1998), Jaffna Mayor, by LTTE
11. Ponnudurai Sivapalan (1998), Jaffna Mayor, by LTTE
12. Neelan Thiruchelvam (1999), Member of Parliament (MP) and TULF leader
13. Lakshman Algama (1999), UNP politician, by LTTE
14. C.V.Gunaratne (2000), cabinet minister, by LTTE
15. Joseph Pararajasingham (2005), Tamil MP in Batticalo, by GoSL supported para-military Karuna Group
16. Lakshman Kadirgamar (2005), foreign minister, by LTTE
17. Parami Kulatunga (2006), army general, by LTTE
18. Nadarajah Raviraj (2006), MP and Tamil National Alliance politician, by GoSL paramilitary Group
19. T. Maheswaran (2008), UNP Tamil MP for voicing human rights violations of GoSL, by Sri Lanka IB associate.
20. D. M. Dassanayake (2008), Nation Building Minister and SLFP MP, by LTTE
21. K. Sivanesan (2008), TNA Tamil MP, by Sri Lankan Army DPU.
22. Jeyaraj Fernandopulle (2008),Minister of Highways and Road Development and SLFP MP, LTTE
23. Lasantha Wickrematunge (2009), Journalist (The Sunday Leader), by unknown

10 Syria

1. Antiochus II Theos (246 BC), Seleucid king
2. Seleucus III Ceraunus (223 BC), Seleucid king
3. Seleucus IV Philopator (176 BC), Seleucid king
4. Alexander Balas (146 BC), Seleucid king
5. Antiochus VI Dionysus (138 BC), Seleucid heir to the throne
6. Numerian (285), Roman emperor, by his father-in-law, Arrius Aper, in Emesa (modern-day Homs)
7. Zengi (1146), ruler of Aleppo and Mosul and founder of the Zengid Dynasty
8. Abd al-Rahman Shahbandar (1940), Syrian nationalist
9. Muhammad Suleiman (2008), Syrian general and security adviser to president Bashar al-Assad
10. Imad Mughniyah (2008), senior member of Hezbollah

22 Turkey

1. Mahmud Şevket Pasha (1913), prime minister
2. Mustafa Suphi (1921), communist leader
3. Abdi İpekçi (1979), liberal journalist
4. Metin Yüksel (1979), Islamic political activist
5. Cavit Orhan Tütengil (1979), Kemalist academician and writer
6. Kemal Türkler (1980), Labor union leader, by Grey Wolves in Istanbul
7. Ümit Kaftancıoğlu (1980), Kemalist writer and TV producer
8. Nihat Erim (1980), former prime minister
9. Muammer Aksoy (1990), Kemalist professor of law and columnist
10. Turan Dursun (1990), Atheist writer
11. Bahriye Üçok (1990), Kemalist theology academician and women’s rights activist
12. Musa Anter (1992), Kurdish activist
13. Uğur Mumcu (1993), Kemalist left wing journalist
14. Onat Kutlar (1995), writer, poet, columnist and art critic
15. Özdemir Sabancı (1996), prominent industrialist and member of Sabancı family
16. Konca Kuriş (1998), Islamic feminist author, kidnapped and tortured to death in Mersin
17. Ahmet Taner Kışlalı (1999), Kemalist politician, former Minister of Culture, academician and columnist
18. Üzeyir Garih (2001), Turkish Jewish businessman and industrialist
19. Necip Hablemitoğlu (2002), Kemalist historian at Ankara University
20. Mustafa Yücel Özbilgin (2006), Judge at Council of State (see Ergenekon network)
21. Andrea Santoro (2006)
22. Hrant Dink (2007), Armenian journalist

10 Bulgaria

1. Stefan Stambolov (1895), Prime Minister of Bulgaria
2. Aleksandar Stamboliyski (1923), Prime Minister of Bulgaria
3. Vasil Iliev (1995), insurance boss, owner of “VIS-2″, former wrestler
4. Andrey Lukanov (1996 October 2), former Prime Minister of Bulgaria [1]
5. Ivo Karamanski (1998), insurance tycoon, former rowing champion
6. Iliya Pavlov (2003), president of Multigroup corporation, former wrestler, the wealthiest man in Bulgaria
7. Georgi Iliev (2005), football club owner, brother of the assassinated Vasil Iliev
8. Emil Kyulev (2005), banker, ex-professional swimmer, voted Mr. Economics in Bulgaria for 2002
9. Ivan “Doktora” Todorov (2006), businessman alleged of smuggling
10. Borislav Georgiev (2008), CEO of “Atomenergoremont” Nucler plant repair company

37 France

1. Charles d’Espagne (1354), constable of France
2. Louis of Valois, Duke of Orléans (1407)
3. John the Fearless (1419)
4. Gaspard de Coligny (1572)
5. Henri III (1589), King of France
6. Henri IV (1610), King of France, stabbed by François Ravaillac
7. Jacques de Flesselles (1789), Provost of Paris
8. Jean-Paul Marat (1793), revolutionary, stabbed in his bathtub by Charlotte Corday
9. Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry (1820, February 13), younger son of the future King Charles X, stabbed by Louis Pierre Louvel
10. Marie François Sadi Carnot (1894 June 24), President of France, shot by anarchist Sante Jeronimo Caserio in Lyon[13]
11. Jean Jaurès (1914 July 30), politician, pacifist [14]
12. Gaston Calmette (1914 March 16), editor of Le Figaro newspaper,[14] by Henriette Caillaux, wife of minister of Finance Joseph Caillaux
13. Paul Doumer (1932 May 6), President of France, shot in Paris[13]
14. Alexander I of Yugoslavia (1934), was king of Yugoslavia. Assassinated in Marseille, France.
15. Louis Barthou (1934), foreign minister of France killed along with King Alexander I of Yugoslavia at Marseille
16. Ernst vom Rath (1938), German diplomat in France
17. Constant Chevillon (1944), head of FUDOFSI, by Gestapo in Lyon
18. Philippe Henriot (1944), State secretary for Information and Propaganda of Vichy government, by French resistants in Paris
19. Georges Mandel (1944), former radical-socialist minister and French resistant, by miliciens in forest of Fontainebleau
20. Eugène Deloncle (1944), milicien and former leader of clandestine far-right organisation La Cagoule, by Gestapo
21. Mehdi Ben Barka (1965), Moroccan socialist leader and Third-World Tricontinental leader, disappeared in Paris
22. Outel Bono (1973), Chadian medical doctor and anti-Tombalbaye activist
23. Jean de Broglie (1976), former minister and one of the French negotiators of the Évian Accords
24. Henri Curiel (1978), anticolonialist activist
25. José Miguel Beñaran Ordeñana “Argala” (1978), Basque leader
26. Pierre Goldman (1979), left-wing activist
27. Robert Boulin (1979), minister of Labor and many times minister since 1961. Officially suicide, but a lot of anomalies revealed since.
28. Joseph Fontanet (1980), former minister
29. Salah al-Din Bitar (1980), Syrian Baath politician
30. Yehia El-Mashad (1980), Egyptian atomic scientist.
31. Jean-Pierre Maïone-Libaude (1982), right-wing activist and criminal
32. Georges Besse (1986), Renault executive, by far-left activists of Action directe
33. Dulcie September (1988), African National Congress representative, in Paris
34. Joseph Doucé (1990), activist for sexual minorities
35. Shapour Bakhtiar (1991), Prime Minister of Iran briefly in 1979, stabbed to death at his home in France
36. Abdelbaki Sahraoui (1995), co-founder of the Algerian Islamic Salvation Front, in Paris
37. Claude Erignac (1998), prefect of Corsica

22 Germany

1. Alexander Severus (235), Roman emperor, near Moguntiacum (present-day Mainz) by his troops
2. Postumus (268), Gallic emperor, in Mainz
3. Laelianus (268), Gallic emperor, in Mainz
4. Philipp von Hohenstaufen (1208), Emperor, in Bamberg
5. Engelbert I. von Köln (1225), Archbishop of Cologne
6. Konrad von Marburg (1233), inquisitor
7. Rosa Luxemburg (1919), socialist writer, in Berlin
8. Karl Liebknecht (1919), socialist lawyer and politician, in Berlin
9. Kurt Eisner (1919), Prime Minister of Bavaria
10. Talat Pasha (1921), former Ottoman Minister of Interior Affairs, in Berlin by Soghomon Tehlirian
11. Matthias Erzberger (1921), politician
12. Walther Rathenau (1922 June 24), German foreign minister [14]
13. Ernst Röhm (1934), leader of the Sturm Abteilung (SA)
14. Kurt von Schleicher (1934), former German chancellor, murdered by the SS
15. Stepan Bandera (1959) – Ukrainian nationalist leader assassinated by Bohdan Stashynsky in Munich
16. Belkacem Krim (1970), Algerian politician
17. Siegfried Buback (1977), German attorney general
18. Jürgen Ponto (1977), CEO Dresdner Bank
19. Hanns-Martin Schleyer (1977), president of the German employers’ organization
20. Alfred Herrhausen (1989), Deutsche Bank CEO
21. Detlev Karsten Rohwedder (1991), director of Treuhandanstalt for former East Germany
22. Sadeq Sharafkandi, Fattah Abdoli, Homayoun Ardalan, Nouri Dehkordi (1992), dissident Kurdish Iranian political leaders, in Berlin (Mykonos restaurant assassinations)

18 Greece

1. Hipparchus (514 BC), brother of the tyrant of Athens
2. Ephialtes (461 BC), leader of the radical democracy movement in Athens
3. Alcibiades (404 BC), Athenian general and politician
4. Alexander of Pherae (358 BC), despot of Pherae
5. Philip II of Macedon (336 BC), king of Macedon, by Pausanias of Orestis in Pella
6. Seleucus I Nicator (281 BC), founder of the Seleucid dynasty, near Lysimachia
7. Abantidas (251 BC), tyrant of Sicyon
8. Archimedes (212 BC), Greek mathematician, was killed in syracusa, magna Greece
9. Ioannis Capodistrias (1831), first President of Greece
10. Theodoros Deligiannis (1905 June 13), Prime Minister of Greece
11. Marinos Antypas (1907 March 8), Greek politician
12. George I of Greece (1913 March 18), King of Greece [1]
13. Grigoris Lambrakis (1963), leader of anti-fascist movement in Greece.
14. Richard Welch (1975), CIA Station Chief
15. Hagop Hagopian (1988), Armenian leader of ASALA
16. William Nordeen (1988), Tsantes successor as U.S. military attaché in Athens
17. Pavlos Bakoyannis (1989), New Democracy politician
18. Stephen Saunders (2000), Brigadier and British military attaché in Athens

11 Ireland

1. Brian Boruma (1014), Irish king
2. Lord Frederick Cavendish (1882), Chief Secretary for Ireland
3. Thomas Henry Burke (1882), Permanent Under Secretary for Ireland
4. Tomás Mac Curtain (1920), Lord Mayor of Cork
5. Michael Collins (1922), President of the Provisional Government and Irish Republican Army (IRA) guerrilla leader during the Irish War of Independence[10]
6. Kevin O’Higgins (1927), Irish politician, Minister of Home Affairs/Minister of Justice of the Irish Free State[14]
7. Henry Boyle Townshend Somerville (1936), assassinated for providing assistance to Royal Navy recruits
8. Christopher Ewart-Biggs (1976), British ambassador to Ireland
9. Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma (1979), Royal Navy Admiral of the Fleet, last Viceroy of India[1]
10. Dominic McGlinchey (1994), Irish National Liberation Army (INLA) leader
11. Veronica Guerin (1996), Irish journalist

43 Italy (and former Roman Empire)

1. Titus Tatius (748 BC), Sabine king, in Rome
2. Lucius Tarquinius Priscus (579 BC), Etruscan king of Rome, in Rome by the sons of Ancus Marcius
3. Servius Tullius (534 BC), Etruscan king of Rome, in Rome by Tarquin II
4. Tiberius Gracchus (133 BC), Roman tribune, in Rome by Roman senators
5. Julius Caesar (44 BC), Roman general and dictator, in Rome by members of the Roman Senate
6. Cicero (43 BC), Roman orator, outside of Rome under orders from Mark Antony
7. Caligula (41), Roman Emperor, in Rome by Cassius Chaerea through a conspiracy with the Praetorian guard and the Senate
8. Claudius (54), Roman Emperor, poisoned in Rome by his wife, Agrippina
9. Vitellius (69), Roman Emperor, in Rome by the Flavian army
10. Galba (69), Roman Emperor, in Rome by the Praetorian Guard under orders from Otho
11. Domitian (96), Roman Emperor, in Rome by Stephanus, steward to Julia Flavia
12. Commodus (192), Roman Emperor, killed in Rome by Narcissus the wrestler
13. Pertinax (193), Roman Emperor, in Rome by the Praetorian Guard
14. Didius Julianus (193), Roman Emperor, in Rome by the Praetorian Guard
15. Publius Septimius Geta (212), Roman Emperor, in Rome by centurions under orders of Caracalla
16. Caracalla (217), Roman Emperor, between Edessa and Carrhae (modern-day Sanli Urfa and Harran) by Martialis, possibly under orders of Macrinus
17. Elagabalus (222), Roman Emperor, in Rome by the Praetorian Guard under orders of Julia Maesa and Julia Mamaea
18. Maximinus Thrax (238), Roman Emperor, outside Aquileia by his troops
19. Pupienus (238), Roman Emperor, in Rome by the Praetorian Guard
20. Balbinus (238), Roman Emperor, in Rome by the Praetorian Guard
21. Volusianus (253), Roman Emperor, near Interamna by his troops
22. Trebonianus Gallus (253), Roman Emperor, near Interamna by his troops
23. Aurelian (275), Roman Emperor, near Caenophrurium (modern-day Corlu)
24. Florianus (276), Roman Emperor, near Tarsus
25. Giuliano de’ Medici (1478), co-ruler of Florence
26. Giovanni Borgia (1497), Duke of Gandia, son of Pope Alexander VI
27. Pellegrino Rossi (1848), Papal States Minister of Justice
28. Umberto I of Italy (1900 July 29), King of Italy[10]
29. Said Halim Pasha (1921), former Ottoman Prime Minister
30. Giacomo Matteotti (1924 June 10), Italian socialist politician [14]
31. Luigj Gurakuqi (1925), Albanian independence leader, in Bari
32. Benito Mussolini (1945 April 28), fascist, former Prime Minister of Italy [11]
33. Enrico Mattei (1962), Italian public head officer, head of Eni oil company, supported Algerian independence
34. Pier Paolo Pasolini (1975), Italian writer, poet and film director
35. Aldo Moro (1978), former Prime Minister of Italy
36. Giuseppe Impastato (1978), Anti-mafia activist
37. Cesare Terranova (1979), magistrate
38. Carlo Alberto Dalla Chiesa (1982), General of the Carabinieri Corps, investigating on the mafia
39. Rocco Chinnici (1983), magistrate
40. Giovanni Falcone (1992), anti-mafia judge
41. Paolo Borsellino (1992), anti-mafia judge
42. Salvo Lima (1992), politician
43. Marco Biagi (2002), Italian Labor Ministry advisor

11 Netherlands

1. Saint Boniface (754), Christian missionary
2. Conrad, Bishop of Utrecht (1099)
3. Count Floris V (1296)
4. Duke John of Straubing-Holland (1425)
5. William I of Orange (1584), leader of the Dutch war of independence from Spanish rule (Eighty Years’ War)
6. Isaac Dorislaus (1649), diplomat
7. Johan de Witt (1672), politician, and his brother
8. Cornelis de Witt (1672)
9. Gerrit Jan Heijn (1987), top manager of Ahold
10. Pim Fortuyn (2002), publicist and politician, leader of his political party
11. Theo van Gogh (2004), film director, writer and critic

16 Spain

1. Tomb of José Canalejas in the Panteón de Hombres Ilustres, Madrid.
2. Juan Prim (1870), Prime Minister of Spain and Governor of Puerto Rico
3. Antonio Cánovas del Castillo (1897), Prime Minister of Spain shot by Michele Angiolillo in Mondragón, Guipúzcoa.
4. José Canalejas (1912), Prime Minister of Spain
5. Eduardo Dato Iradier (1921), Prime Minister of Spain
6. José Castillo (1936, Spanish Socialist Workers’ Party lieutenant in the Assault Guards
7. José Calvo Sotelo (1936), right-wing politician
8. Federico García Lorca (1936), Spanish poet and dramatist, by fascists
9. Raoul Villain (1936), assassin of Jean Jaurès
10. Andrés Nin (1937), Spanish Communist revolutionary
11. Mohamed Khider (1967), Algerian politician, in Madrid
12. Melitón Manzanas (1968), secret police officer
13. Luis Carrero Blanco (1973 December 20), Spanish prime minister[7]
14. Miguel Ángel Blanco (1997), Basque politician, by ETA
15. Fernando Buesa Blanco (2000), Basque politician and party leader
16. Ernest Lluch Martín (2000), former Spanish minister

33 United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

1. Carausius (293), usurper of the Western Roman Empire
2. King Edmund I (946), king of England, stabbed at a banquet
3. Edward the Martyr (979), King of England
4. Thomas Becket (1170), Archbishop of Canterbury
5. Sir Robert Hales – Lord High Treasurer – (1381) – Beheaded at Tower Hill by rebels during the Peasants’ Revolt
6. Simon of Sudbury – Lord Chancellor, Archbishop of Canterbury and Bishop of London – (1381) – Beheaded at Tower Hill by rebels during the Peasants’ Revolt
7. Sir John Cavendish – Chief Justice of the King’s Bench, Chancellor of the University of Cambridge – (1381) – Beheaded in Bury St Edmunds by rebels during the Peasants’ Revolt
8. Henry Stuart, 1st Duke of Albany (best known as Lord Darnley) (1567), consort of Mary, Queen of Scots
9. James Stewart, 1st Earl of Moray (1570), Regent of Scotland
10. George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham (1628)
11. James Sharp (1679), Archbishop of St Andrews, in Fife, near St Andrews
12. Spencer Perceval (1812), Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, in London by John Bellingham; the only British prime minister to be assassinated
13. Sir Henry Hughes Wilson (1922 June 22), British field marshal, retired Chief of the Imperial General Staff and Conservative politician [14]
14. Michael O’Dwyer (1940), Former Lieutenant Governor of the Punjab, shot by a Punjabi revolutionary, Udham Singh.
15. Paddy Wilson (1972), Social Democratic and Labour Party politician
16. Ross McWhirter (1975), co-author of the Guinness Book of Records and right wing political activist
17. Kadhi Abdullah al-Hagri (1977), past prime minister of Yemen Arab Republic, killed in London
18. Georgi Markov (1978), Bulgarian dissident
19. Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma (1979), Former Governor-General of India on his yacht off Ireland
20. Airey Neave (1979), British Conservative politician
21. Sir Norman Stronge (1981), aristocrat and Northern Irish politician
22. Sir James Stronge, 9th Baronet (1981), aristocrat and Northern Irish politician
23. Rev. Robert Bradford (1981), Unionist MP in Northern Ireland
24. Shlomo Argov (died in 2003 as a result of a 1982 assassination), Israeli Ambassador to the Court of St. James’s
25. Edgar Graham (1983), Ulster Unionist politician.
26. George Seawright (1987), Northern Ireland politician
27. Bernt Carlsson (1988), UN Commissioner for Namibia, murdered at Lockerbie
28. Patrick Finucane (1989), solicitor
29. Ian Gow (1990), British Conservative politician
30. Billy Wright (1997), Loyalist Volunteer Force leader.
31. Rosemary Nelson (1999), Irish Catholic solicitor and human rights advocate
32. Jill Dando (1999), British television presenter
33. Alexander Litvinenko (2006) Russian critic of Vladimir Putin

41 Assassinations in Russia and the Soviet Union

1. Peter III of Russia (1762), Emperor of Russia
2. Paul of Russia (1801), Emperor of Russia
3. Mikhail Andreyevich Miloradovich (1825), military Governor of Saint Petersburg
4. Nikolay Vladimirovich Mezentsev (1878), Executive Director of the Third Section
5. Alexander II of Russia (1881 March 13), Tsar of All the Russias[13]
6. Nikolay Alekseyev (1893), Mayor of Moscow
7. Dmitry Sipyagin (1902 April 8), Russian Interior Minister [14]
8. Vyacheslav Pleve (1904), Russian Interior Minister
9. Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich Romanov (1905), former Governor-General of Moscow
10. Peter Stolypin (1911 September 14), Russian Prime Minister, killed in theater in Kiev[14]
11. Grigori Rasputin (1916 December 30), controversial friar and mystic[10]
12. Tsar Nicholas II and his family: Tsarina Alexandra, Tsarevich Alexei, and the Grand Duchesses Olga, Tatiana, Maria and Anastasia (1918 July 16)[10]
13. Elizabeth (Ella) of Hesse, Grand Duchess of Russia, sister of Alexandra Feodorovna, wife of tsar Nicholas II. (18 July 1918)
14. V. Volodarsky (1918), revolutionary
15. Wilhelm von Mirbach (1918), German Ambassador in Moscow
16. Sergei Kirov (1934 December 1), Bolshevik party leader in Leningrad [14]
17. Solomon Mikhoels (1948), Chairman of the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee[15]
18. Vladislav Listyev (1995), a Russian journalist and head of the ORT TV Channel
19. Dzhokhar Dudayev (1996), first Chechen separatist President and anti-Russian guerrilla leader
20. Valeriy Hubulov (1998), South Ossetian politician, former prime minister
21. Galina Starovoitova (1998), influential politician, then member of Russian parliament (Duma)
22. Otakhon Latifi (1998), Tajik journalist and opposition figure
23. Sergei Yushenkov (2003), Russian politician, in Moscow[16]
24. Yuri Shchekochikhin (2003), Russian journalist, in Moscow[17]
25. Paul Klebnikov (2004), editor of the Russian edition of Forbes magazine
26. Akhmad Kadyrov (2004), Kremlin-backed President of the Chechen Republic
27. Aslan Maskhadov (2005), President of separatist Chechnya
28. Anatoly Trofimov (2005), former FSB deputy director
29. Magomed Omarov (2005), deputy Interior Minister of Dagestan
30. Bayaman Erkinbayev (2005), Kyrgyz MP
31. Altynbek Sarsenbayev (2006), Kazakh politician
32. Abdul-Khalim Sadulayev (2006), President of separatist Chechnya
33. Anna Politkovskaya (2006), Russian journalist and human rights campaigner.
34. Vitaly Karayev (2008), mayor of Vladikavkaz, North Ossetia-Alania
35. Kazbek Pagiyev (2008), former mayor of Vladikavkaz, North Ossetia-Alania
36. Nina Varlamova (2008), mayor of Kandalaksha, Murmansk Oblast
37. Stanislav Markelov (2009), human rights lawyer
38. Adilgerei Magomedtagirov (2009), interior minister of Dagestan
39. Aza Gazgireyeva (2009), deputy chair of Ingushetia Supreme Court
40. Bashir Aushev (2009), former deputy prime minister of Ingushetia
41. Natalia Estemirova (2009), human rights activist

David Livingstone’s blog

…

I find David Livingstone’s blog to be one of the few very best sources of information about Globalization; International secret societies; New World Order; Terrorism; Middle East politics and organizations; Wahhabi sect origins; History of Saudi Arabia; Salafis groups; Hamas of Palestine; Islamic extremism; Noe-conservatives; US foreign affairs, security and military policies; and other very important relevant issues.

I highly recommend bookmarking and following this blog; as well as reading the three best seller books of David Livingstone, together with the Essential reading lists:

His first book: The Dying God: The Hidden History of Western Civilization;

His second book: Terrorism and the Illuminati: A Three Thousand Year History; and

His third book: Surrendering Islam: The subversion of Muslim politics throughout history until the present day

Each book has it’s own website. Here are the links to David Livingstone’s blog recent articles:

Islamist Neocons? The West’s latest tactic in the war on terrorism

Submitted by David Livingstone on Fri, 09/09/2011 – 16:06

by Justin Raimondo, September 07, 2011

Al-Qaeda asset leading rebels in Tripoli

Submitted by David Livingstone on Thu, 09/01/2011 – 11:56

The hostility persists in Tripoli and the Libyan rebels continue the search for Gaddafi, but who is leading the rebels? Who are the beneficiaries of the fall of Gaddafi? What will the blowback be for those in Libya and across the globe? Pepe Escobar, a correspondent for Asia Times, gives us some answers to these questions.

2002 Iraqi Intel Reported Wahhabis Are of Jewish Origin

Submitted by David Livingstone on Tue, 08/02/2011 – 18:33

The U.S. Department of Defense has released translations of a number of Iraqi intelligence documents dating from Saddam’s rule.  One, a General Military Intelligence Directorate report from September 2002, entitled “The Emergence of Wahhabism and its Historical Roots”, shows the Iraqi government was aware of the nefarious purposes of the Wahhabis of Saudi Arabia, often known as Salafis, in serving Western interests to undermine Islam.

Reflections on the ‘Peace Process’

Submitted by David Livingstone on Sat, 05/28/2011 – 11:05

How Israel and the Americans foster Islamic fundamentalism to stall peace with the Palestinians and other imperialistic objectives

The Israelis created Hamas.  But before we explore that question, let’s start with a more important one.  Let’s be honest with ourselves.  If we can look at the situation from beyond the confines of current political discourse, and look at the emperor without his “new” clothes, we all know that Israel does not want peace.  They want all of Palestine, and their belligerent settlement practices confirm that.

Bin Laden: Martyr or Villain?

Submitted by David Livingstone on Thu, 05/05/2011 – 12:06

Without bringing into question the excessive evidence that indicates bin Laden was   in the employ of the CIA, the crucial point is that he was used in an attempt to radicalize a sufficient segment of the Islamic world, with the aim of fomenting a “Clash of Civilization”, and not a War on Terror, but more properly, a War on Islam.

Surprise, Surprise! Iraq War Was About Oil

Submitted by David Livingstone on Mon, 04/25/2011 – 10:16

By Ray McGovern, April 22, 2011

Afghanistan may be the graveyard of empires, but Iraq is home to a graveyard sense of humor. Iraqis wonder aloud whether the U.S. and Britain would have invaded Iraq if its main export had been cabbages instead of oil.

Egypt – Creative Destruction For A ‘Greater Middle East’? The Promised Land?

Submitted by David Livingstone on Mon, 03/07/2011 – 17:55

By F. William Engdahl
© F. William Engdahl, author Full Spectrum Dominance: Totalitarian Democracy in the New World Order *

Global Warming and the Culture of Fear

Submitted by David Livingstone on Tue, 06/01/2010 – 09:35

It seems the Europeans are more familiar with the recent fraud revelations in the Global Warming controversy, like Climategate, than are North Americans.

Book Review: Dan Brown’s The Lost Symbol

Submitted by David Livingstone on Sun, 02/21/2010 – 18:10

Just finished reading Dan Brown’s latest.  I don’t normally read fiction, but I read this just to stay in touch with the type of propaganda that is being disseminated.

This book is utterly ridiculous.  It’s a great example of modern American kitsch.  It takes all the sleazy ploys of American entertainment, and applies them to celebrate the lowliest aspect of modern civilization: secret societies, and all the pseudo-spiritual accoutrements of occultism.

Uighur Nationalism, Turkey and the CIA

Submitted by David Livingstone on Fri, 07/31/2009 – 16:47

Much was made in the news, earlier this month, of the series of violent clashes that erupted between Uighurs, a Turkic, and predominantly Muslim, minority ethnic group in China, and the Chinese state police, and Han Chinese residents in the the province of Xinjiang, in northwestern China.

Mumbai Attacks in Context: A brief history of Western Intelligence Involvement in ‘Islamic’ Terrorism

Submitted by David Livingstone on Mon, 01/05/2009 – 20:05

When the Americans sought to collapse the Soviet Union and bring a final end to the Cold War, they did not do it head on, but chose to bankrupt that nation by luring it into its own version of the Vietnam War–in Afghanistan. So said Zbigniew Brzezinski, who was Barack Obama’s national security advisor throughout his presidential campaign. Brzezinski has also admitted that the Americans deliberately fostered Islamic militants as part of that strategy.

Elizabeth I the Movie as Occult Propaganda

Submitted by David Livingstone on Sun, 11/09/2008 – 17:02

I don’t watch TV or movies anymore, mostly. But I watched Elizabeth I: The Golden Age, directed by Shekhar Kapur. I’m still interested in that part of history, and I’ve had a nagging suspicion that there’s some significance I should be exploring in the Spanish Armada. It turns out the movie inspired me to discover some interesting clues.

The movie is a joke. It’s so over the top. Overt propaganda for British patriotism, and so idealizes the person of Elizabeth, aggrandizing her into a sort of superhero. So the acting is grossly exaggerated, and has no sense of realism.

Wahhabis: a sect of Islam and their negative influence

Submitted by David Livingstone on Thu, 07/17/2008 – 03:58

There is no need to debate with the Salafi/Wahhabis on ideological grounds.  It’s their history that condemns them most effectively.  Until now, it had been difficult to get precise details on Saudi history.  However, I read an excellent book recently by David Cummins, called the Wahhabi Mission and Saudi Arabia.  It is the only comprehensive study of the history of SA and Wahhabism that I know of.

Study Proves Saudis Control British Mosques

Submitted by David Livingstone on Mon, 07/14/2008 – 16:46

An authoritative new report by Policy Exchange, the UK’s leading centre-right thinktank, entitled The Hijacking of British Islam: How extremist literature is subverting Britain’s mosques, that Saudi Arabia is responsible for the majority of literature distributed in British mosques, and that that literature is rife with incite

Finding the Tomb of Jesus and True Christianity

Submitted by David Livingstone on Sat, 01/19/2008 – 18:43

There’s a lot of hoopla these days about the possible discovery of the tomb of Jesus. It if were ever at all possible to even prove, however, it would not discredit “Christianity” in the least. But it would completely dismantle the Gnostic version that was created by Paul, which much of Christianity has adhered to for much of the last 2 thousand years. Ideally, it will lead to a rediscovery of the true meaning of Jesus’ message.

Islamic Radicals Admit to Masonic Origins. But…

Submitted by David Livingstone on Sun, 12/23/2007 – 12:42

The radical faction of Islam, known as the Salafi, are a movement created through British intrigue and coordination with occult secret societies, toward fomenting a “Clash of Civilizations”. And though the West is largely unaware of them, they are almost entirely responsible for the extremism that Islam is mistakenly perceived for.

Waning Wahhabi Influence in Nigeria

Submitted by David Livingstone on Sat, 12/01/2007 – 03:38

The NY Times reports that support for the rigid implementation of Shariah in Nigeria is down. Readers will likely remember the fiasco that occurred a couple of years ago, where Nigeria became one of the main perpetrators, along with Taliban, in the negative image that Islamic law has been receiving. Obviously a carefully calculated and deliberate defacement of Islam.

Here’s why. Read more

Ron Paul: Unwitting Pawn of Neo-Conservatives

Submitted by David Livingstone on Thu, 11/15/2007 – 13:13

At least in one media source, the Associated Press, there is an attempt to acknowledge the real support being gained by Ron Paul. This is a very interesting development, and reflection of the current state of affairs.

JFK Murder Solved

Submitted by David Livingstone on Thu, 11/01/2007 – 09:29

Barry Seal, “the biggest drug smuggler in American history”, while working for the CIA, was funneling the immense amount of cocaine of the Iran-Contra Operation right through Mena, Arkansas, under the watch of Bill Clinton. The purpose of the Iran Contra affair was to accumulate funds to secretly finance the Mujahideen, particularly Gulbuddin Hekmetyar, a member of the Muslim Brotherhood, and later bin Laden.

Ibn Taymiyyah and the Occult Roots of Islamic Terrorism

Submitted by David Livingstone on Tue, 10/09/2007 – 10:38

Few people outside of the Islamic world have heard of the Medieval Muslim scholar Ibn Taymiyyah, but in the Muslim world, he is often hailed as “The Sheikh of Islam”, while Western critics usually condemn him as the father of modern Islamic terrorism.

Among modern Islamic fundamentalists, whether it is the Muslim Brotherhood, or the Salafis, you will continuously find among them reliance on the fatwas of Ibn Taymiyyah.

Negative Wahhabi Influence in the Balkans

Submitted by David Livingstone on Sun, 10/07/2007 – 10:08

In an article published at ADNKronos International, we find another typical example of the type of corruption that the Wahhabis are used to insinuate.

• Add new comment
• Read more

Zelikow: 9/11 Mythmaker

Submitted by David Livingstone on Fri, 09/21/2007 – 14:56

It’s now evident who was the chief mythmaker of the 9/11 conventional account, and even the conception of the idea in the first place. That would be Philip Zelikow, who was in the ideal position of executive director of the 9/11 Commission, and now serves as counselor to Condi Rice.

Wahhabism and the Occult Conspiracy

Submitted by David Livingstone on Sun, 03/25/2007 – 13:05

British Channel 4′s Dispatches has produced a scathing documentary, called Undercover Mosque, about the negative influence of Saudi Arabia, through its promotion of Wahhabism, among the Muslim community of Britain. But the video is clear to point out that, “Wahhabism is opposed to the traditional tolerant beliefs of classical Islam”. What the video does not cover, however, is that the spread of the Wahhabi interpretation of Islam is part of a larger Western agenda, involving the CIA, to denigrate Islam.

300 is Propaganda for War Against Iran

Submitted by David Livingstone on Mon, 03/12/2007 – 06:46

Necromocracy (Part One)

Jeff Wells, Rigorous Intuition

The Nation Of Islam And The Freemasons

Submitted by David Livingstone on Tue, 07/18/2006 – 00:00

I’ve been taking a closer look at the writings of Wesley Williams, and I am shocked.  I had no idea the Nation of Islam was so enmeshed with Freemasonry.  Enmeshed is an understatement, the two are basically one and the same.